ABSTRACT
Adrenal insufficiency is an uncommon disorder and presents with non-specific symptoms. Identifying adrenal insufficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis is increasingly difficult as there is a significant overlap of the signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency with those seen in chronic kidney failure. We highlight this diagnostic uncertainty in a case series of three patients with chronic kidney disease requiring hemodialysis as renal replacement therapy from a single center identified as hypoadrenal. Steroid replacement improved symptoms and hemodynamic parameters. Increased vigilance for adrenal insufficiency in dialysis patients is necessary. It is likely under recognized in hemodialysis patients given their multi-morbidity.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Insufficiency , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Humans , Renal Dialysis/adverse effects , Adrenal Insufficiency/drug therapy , Adrenal Insufficiency/etiology , Adrenal Insufficiency/diagnosis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Undersized mitral annuloplasty (MA) is the preferred surgical treatment for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. However, the preferred shape of undersized MA is unclear. METHODS: A previously described finite element model of the left ventricle with mitral valve based on magnetic resonance images of a sheep with chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation after posterolateral myocardial infarction was used. Saddle-shape (Edwards Physio II) and asymmetric (IMR ETlogix) MA rings were digitized and meshed. Virtual annuloplasty was performed using virtual sutures to attach the MA ring. Left ventricular diastole and systole were performed before and after virtual MA of each type. RESULTS: Both types of MA reduced the septolateral dimension of the mitral annulus and abolished mitral regurgitation. The asymmetric MA was associated with lower virtual suture force in the P2 region but higher force in P1 and P3 regions. Although both types of MA reduced fiber stress at the left ventricular base, fiber stress reduction after asymmetric MA was slightly greater. Neither type of MA affected fiber stress at the left ventricular equator or apex. Although both types of MA increased leaflet curvature and reduced leaflet stress, stress reduction with saddle-shape MA was slightly greater. Both MA types reduced stress on the mitral chordae. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of saddle-shape and asymmetric MA rings are similar. Finite element simulations are a powerful tool that may reduce the need for animal and clinical trials.
